Piercings TattooTatuajes

Franco y los redonditos de ricota

2011-09-02T18:33:00.000-07:00

nombre franco
lugar corporal pierna
significado patricio rey

Piercing enviado por Flor

2011-08-18T10:38:00.000-07:00

Nombre Flor, piercing en la boca

Que te parece este piercing

2011-05-30T14:19:00.000-07:00

Esta bellícima chica que se hace llamar Larii Laryta nos envió una foto con sus piercing en el Labios Superior e Inferior y dice que significa Equilibrio y frescura.

Tatoo estrellitas en la panza.

2011-02-09T19:45:00.000-08:00

Parece que esta de moda, hay una ola por tatuarce estrellas.

Ombligo arito

2011-02-08T15:44:00.000-08:00

Este ombliguito nos luce un piercing.

nariz decorada

2011-02-08T15:43:00.000-08:00

Esta chica tan hermosa, con tan bellos ojos. tiene un pequeño, pero tan marcado piercing en su naríz, que te parece?

Espalda con alas

2011-02-08T15:41:00.000-08:00

Que te parece esta bella espalda alada?

Enviado por "Xiim"

2011-01-03T17:21:00.000-08:00

Xiim, tiene un hermoso pupito con un piercing, significado amor

Enviado por edward

2011-01-03T17:19:00.000-08:00

Edward tiene un piercing en su tetilla, nos cuenta que no tiene ningun significado, simplemente le gusta.

Victor Valdés

2010-06-23T05:29:00.001-07:00

Victor Valdés lleva en su brazo derecho la imagen de un gladeador Romano.

Deco

2010-06-23T05:25:00.000-07:00

Futbolista de la selección de Portugal, tiene una Geisha tatuada en su espalda

tatuaje de perrito

2010-04-06T12:21:00.000-07:00

tatuaje cerca de la cola

Tatuajes San Valentín

2010-02-09T14:14:00.001-08:00

Ya que estamos cerca de la fecha de San Valentín, día de los enamorados, aqui recopilamos un par de tatuajes de amor.

Gato

2010-01-07T11:49:00.000-08:00

Tatuaje realmente muy, pero muy feo...

Delfines

2010-01-07T11:44:00.000-08:00

Tatuaje de delfines

Nueva Escuela

2009-11-26T18:46:00.000-08:00

Nueva escuela de diseño y comunicación.

Desde Buenos Aires, capital de la Republica Argentina, una universidad que lleva casi 40 años de experiencia con la publicidad, arte y tecnologia hoy nos Presentan sus carreras y cursos
Los cursos conllevan una menor duración que la de las carreras, el propósito sería aprender actividades más puntuales, sin una demanda horaria mayor y priorizando la práctica.

La Nueva Escuela nos presenta varias carreras relacionadas con el arte, la comunicación y el diseño. Titulos oficiales y de muy alto nivel.

Carreras

DISEÑO GRAFICO Y PUBLICITARIO
Título oficial: Diseñador Gráfico Publicitario
Duración: 3 años
Para diseñar desde de la marca y todas las piezas gráficas que el producto necesite hasta todas las formas de comunicación debidamente definidas de acuerdo al plan publicitario elegido.

DISEÑO GRAFICO EDITORIAL
Título oficial: Técnico en Diseño Gráfico Informático Editorial
Duración: 2 años
Aprenderas los conceptos y las habilidades para actuar con comodidad en los procesos de la edición gráfica digital.

DISEÑO DE INTERIORES
Título oficial: Diseñador de Interiores
Duración: 3 años
Podrás entonces resolver espacios y diseños confortables, prácticos y específicamente apropiados.

DISEÑO DE MODAS
Título oficial: Diseñador de Modas
Duración: 3 años
Obtendrás el conocimiento y la práctica necesarios para poder realizar proyectos con la seguridad de tener un destinatario bien definido, a partir de metodologías que te ayudarán en la búsqueda del producto que, en un determinado contexto social, la sociedad está buscando.

BELLAS ARTES
Título oficial: Bellas Artes
Duración: 3 años
Al estudio clásico de las artes se agrega el valor de las más modernas técnicas, de la diversidad de posibilidades y de una salida válida y concreta al mundo laboral, allí donde más falta hace el favalorable aporte de los creadores.

FOTOGRAFIA
Título oficial: Director de Fotografía
Duración: 3 años
En Nueva Escuela te convertirás en un profesional con dominio de la técnica, de los materiales y del medio, gracias a una formación completa, personal e integradora que entiende a la fotografía como un proceso tecnológico con aplicaciones prácticas y artísticas.

PUBLICIDAD
Título oficial: Técnico Superior en Comunicación Publicitaria
Duración: 3 años
La Publicidad es el arte de convertir lo obvio en algo diferente, apasionante o exótico. Pretende atraer la atención de la gente, influir sobre su pensamiento y lograr una actitud favorable hacia un producto o servicio. Para ello se vale de la Ciencia, el Arte y la Técnica. La Ciencia, nos aporta datos para lograr la estrategia de la Comunicación teniendo en cuenta quien va a consumir el producto o servicio; el Arte, nos ayuda para lograr los diseños, melodías o imágenes que van a formar parte del mensaje, y la Técnica, nos permite materializarlos y concretarlos.

ANIMACION 3D Y DIBUJOS ANIMADOS
Título oficial: Asistente en Animación
Duración: 3 años
En muchos países del 1er mundo, la industria del dibujo animado ha avanzado y generado producciones que han trascendido mundialmente. La Argentina no está ausente a ese fenómeno y desde hace unos años se han multiplicado los proyectos. Varias productoras que antes trabajaban para el exterior, hoy han abierto la producción para el mercado local. Las productoras televisivas también han comenzado proyectos en este sector. La calidad de nuestros dibujantes y profesionales de la animación, es muy valorada en Argentina y el extranjero.

DISEÑO WEB
Título oficial: Diseñador de Sitios Web
Duración: 2 años
Al impulso de la ciencia y la tecnología, la sociedad evoluciona a gran velocidad, replanteando continuamente las ideas y conocimientos necesarios para insertarse en nuevas funciones sociales y profesionales. En el marco de estas tendencias, el ámbito de los negocios cambia para centrarse en el desarrollo de la economía a través de Internet, abriendo así un vasto territorio de competencia laboral para profesionales con dominio de este nuevo medio.

Mas info :http://www.nuevaescuela.net

Piercing en el ombligo

2009-10-30T12:04:00.001-07:00

Piercing en el ombligo

2009-10-30T12:03:00.001-07:00

Piercings en ombligo, lengua nariz

2009-09-30T13:35:00.000-07:00

Piercing en Ombligo

2009-09-30T13:34:00.000-07:00

Tatuaje espalda

2009-09-19T17:32:00.000-07:00

Samurai en la espalda

Tatuaje sexy

2009-09-10T14:50:00.000-07:00

Tribal en la espalda

Piercing en el ombligo

2009-09-10T14:49:00.000-07:00

De su ombligo cuelga una calavera.

piercing en el labio

2009-09-10T14:48:00.000-07:00

Que te parece wste piercing abajo de la boca

Estrellas en la espalda

2009-09-10T14:46:00.000-07:00

Estrellitas en la espalda

piercing en la lengua

2009-09-10T14:45:00.000-07:00

Esta chica nos muestra su piercing de la lengua

bosterita piercing

2009-09-02T13:00:00.000-07:00

Esta hincha de boca nos muestra su piercing en el ombligo

piercing bajo el labio

2009-09-02T12:59:00.000-07:00

Piercing bajo el labio.

tatuajes

2009-08-28T11:26:00.000-07:00

en la espalda parte superior y en la cintura

trival

2009-08-28T11:24:00.000-07:00

Trival en la cintura.

Piercing en la panza

2009-08-19T11:54:00.000-07:00

ese piercing en la pancita sin estar en el ombligo.

mariposa apenas arriba de la cola

2009-08-14T10:15:00.001-07:00

El viejo en el brazo

2009-08-14T10:13:00.000-07:00

El viejo en la espalda

2009-08-14T10:12:00.000-07:00

tattoo

2009-08-07T11:02:00.000-07:00

El hombre de hojalata

2009-08-03T12:34:00.001-07:00

Es el hombre de hojalata, tinman, el clásico personaje de El mago de Oz.

Cinthia

2009-07-28T10:48:00.000-07:00

Cinthia nos manda una foto con su piercing en la nariz

La cruz del juego

2009-07-24T12:47:00.000-07:00

Este tatuaje tiene todo, religión se hace evidente en el aura y la cruz, la bola 8 del pool y el poker es bien ludopata y como si fuera poco, todo eso sostenido por un dedo, Fuckyou

Piercing en el labio

2009-07-20T18:38:00.000-07:00

Esta hermosa chica, nos muestra su piercing en su labio, tambien logramos ver una parte de su hombro tatuado, nos quedamos con ganas de que nos muestre más.

piercing labio naris

2009-07-20T18:36:00.000-07:00

Debo ser sincero, el piercing en el frenillo de la boca me impreciona, y a la derecha nos muestra su nariz.

Piercing en la lengua

2009-07-20T18:34:00.001-07:00

Ruth nos enseña su lengua, y su lengua nos enseña su piercing. ¿Qué nos enseñará su piercing?

tribal?

2009-07-20T18:32:00.000-07:00

Algunos verán un abstracto tribal, yo veo nubes, el ciclo del agua, pero no lo se.

guitarra

2009-07-20T18:30:00.000-07:00

Adentro del brazo, no tiene hueso, parece terminator, tiene un mastil de guitarra.

calaveras y más calaveras

2009-07-20T18:28:00.000-07:00

tatuajes de varias calaveras en la espalda.

Geisha tatuada

2009-07-20T18:27:00.000-07:00

Este muchacho se tatuó en la panza, la imagen de una geishacon su abanico.

Pie loco

2009-07-20T18:23:00.000-07:00

Hola, quiero que me haga un tatuaje de un cassette y que con la cinta del mismo, se enrriede formando las letras que componen la palabra Crazy. Así lo habrá pedido?

Capture everything

2009-07-20T18:21:00.000-07:00

Que realista esta cámara de fotos. abajo dice: Capture everything

Tatuaje calavera

2009-07-20T18:19:00.000-07:00

Le habra dolido hacerse este tatuaje en la espalda? no se en particular si a el le dolió... calavera no chilla.

Pez rojo

2009-07-20T18:17:00.000-07:00

Que te parece este tatuaje de un pez rojo, desconocemos el significado.

Tatuaje brazo completo

2009-07-20T18:15:00.001-07:00

Este hombre nos presenta un tatuaje que tapa todo su brazo derecho. Un clasico manga larga.

Tatuaje espalda completa

2009-07-20T18:14:00.000-07:00

Gigante piercing en la espalda completa, parece ser un paisaje medio gótico o algo similar

Piercing en la comisura del labio

2009-07-20T18:12:00.000-07:00

Aqui vemos una boca luciendo un piercing en la comisura del labio inferior

Piercing en el interior de la mejilla

2009-07-20T18:10:00.000-07:00

Tipico piercing con dos bolillas, lo que no es tan típico es encontrarlo en el interior de la mejilla

cuello

2009-07-20T18:09:00.000-07:00

Este es un extraño piercing en la gargantilla.

El piercing en la lengua

2009-07-20T18:07:00.001-07:00

Que te parece este piercing como queda en su lengua?

piercing cruzando la oreja

2009-07-08T17:08:00.000-07:00

Laura nos envía su piercing que le cruza la oreja

Piercings con agujeros abridores

2009-07-08T17:06:00.000-07:00

Piercings con agujeros abridores

piercing en la tetilla varón

2009-07-08T17:05:00.000-07:00

Leo nos muestra su piercing en su tetilla.

piercings en la oreja

2009-07-08T17:04:00.001-07:00

Piercings por toda la oreja de Alan

Julieta piercing

2009-07-08T17:02:00.000-07:00

Julieta nos envia sus piercings en su boca y nariz

el tatuaje de Jen

2009-07-08T17:01:00.000-07:00

Que te parece este tatuaje que luce Jen apenas encima de sus pechos?

Tatuaje

2009-07-08T17:00:00.000-07:00

Que te parece este angel?

sexi?

2009-07-08T16:58:00.000-07:00

Sexy y bizarro, gracioso.

tatuaje de los Beatles

2009-07-08T16:57:00.000-07:00

A Hugo los Beatles le dejaron una marca inborrable en la piel.

Leon

2009-07-08T16:55:00.000-07:00

Todos los detalles para dibujar a León.

Buda

2009-07-08T16:52:00.000-07:00

Que te parece este tatuaje de Buda sobre la espalda de Marco?

Lenny Kravitz

2009-07-08T16:50:00.000-07:00

Que te parece el tattoo de Lenny Kravitz en su pectoral izquierdo

Argento Asia

2009-07-08T16:48:00.000-07:00

Que te parece el tatuaje de Argento Asia justo en la cola?

Paulis

2009-07-02T11:33:00.000-07:00

Tatuaje de paulis en la zona baja de la espalda. Un tribal

Cristian

2009-06-24T18:52:00.000-07:00

El tatuaje que tiene Cristian en su nuca, lo hizo su hermano.

Whera

2009-06-24T18:40:00.000-07:00

Que te parece El piercing que tiene en ba parte inferior del labio Weritha?

Ana

2009-06-24T18:21:00.001-07:00

Ana luce en su ombligo un piercing de dos bolitas, te gusta como lo luce?

los redondos

2009-06-17T00:38:00.000-07:00

El tatuaje, uno de los tantos emblemas de la banda de rock argentina "patricio rey y sus redonditos de ricota"

Megan Fox

2009-06-15T11:27:00.000-07:00

Los tattoo de Megan Fox, la actriz de Transformers, elegida como la chica mas hermosa del planeta por varios medios de la farándula, los tatuajes de Megan fox, en su brazo derecho, tiene a Marilyn Monroe, en la parte baja se alcanza a leer Brian... y en sus costillas izquierdas un largo texto.
Te gustan los tatuajes de Megan Fox?

Alissa Milano Tattoo

2009-06-09T07:29:00.001-07:00

La actriz Alissa Milano, mide tan solo 1,60 y trae este rosario en su espalda.

Delfina Gerez Bosco

2009-06-08T12:24:00.000-07:00

A pedido, el tatuaje en la espalda de Delfina Gerez Bosco

Spiderman

2009-06-08T11:53:00.000-07:00

Curioso tatuaje, de piel desgarrada y debajo de esa piel se ve apareciendo el traje de spiderman, el hombre araña.

Marcelo Tinelli

2009-06-04T21:01:00.000-07:00

El conductor Marcelo Tinelli, exhibe el tatuaje que se hizo en el brazo derecho, al parecer hace 20 años una bruja le dijo que sería el numero 1 de la tv Argentina, pero que en un momento dado perdería todo ese exito si es que no cambiaba radicalmente su imagen.

Beckham

2009-05-25T16:14:00.000-07:00

Que te parece el tatuaje del futbolista ingles?

Piercing Ailin C.

2009-05-04T13:59:00.000-07:00

casinos encuestas
Contanos si te gusta el piercing que Ailin tiene en su ombligo.

Espalda de Maxi

2008-06-18T21:40:00.000-07:00

Trading Forex Free Poll
El tatuaje completo de la espalda de Maxi

El Tatuaje de Eli

2008-06-17T19:31:00.000-07:00

El tatoo esta en la parte Baja de la espalda, el significado es la diferencia entre dos mundos...yo lo definiria como las dos caras de una misma realidad...me gusta mucho la verdad...para los q kieren saber si duele, si duele un pokito pero nada que no se pueda aguantar :D...sentis un cortesito nomas un salu2 a todos...

Forex Trading Web Poll

Mi piercing en el dedo

2008-05-27T11:36:00.000-07:00

Forex Trading Polls
Nombre:Shiramu
Dedo de titanio

Belu

2008-03-13T18:44:00.000-07:00

Tatuajes gigantes

2007-11-27T23:08:00.000-08:00

Haciendoles "Click", se agrandan las fotos

Poly

2007-10-15T23:05:00.000-07:00

Que opinas del tatuaje que nos manda Poly?

(Es Mosher.. de Catupecu Machu)

Tatuajes de Famosos

2007-07-21T05:17:00.000-07:00

Qué opinas de este tattoo?

2006-09-11T06:19:00.000-07:00

Si queres saber que opinamos de tu tatuaje, mandalo a mentevirgen@gmail.com

Piercing en el dedo

2006-09-11T06:11:00.000-07:00

Tatuaje

2006-09-02T11:15:00.000-07:00

Tatuaje

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Saltar a navegación, búsqueda

Tatuaje

Un tatuaje es una modificación del color de la piel, creando un dibujo, figura o texto realizados con tinta o algún otro pigmento bajo la epidermis de un humano o animal.

Historia

Los tatuajes fueron una práctica eurasiática en tiempos neolíticos, encontrándose incluso en algunas momias con una antigüedad de hasta 7000 años.

Algunas culturas tribales crean los tatuajes cortando la piel y untando la herida con tinta, ceniza u otro material o punzando la piel con huesos de animales.

Los europeos redescubrieron el tatuaje durante la exploración del Pacífico meridional en los años 1770. Los marineros los tomaron como un símbolo identificativo en la cultura europea tras la Primera Guerra Mundial.

Utilidad

La utilidad de los tatuajes es diversa. Identificación, cosmética, religión y hechicería son los ejemplos más comunes. En ocasiones, se ha hecho un uso horrendo del tatuaje, como en el caso del sistema de identificación de los judíos en los campos de concentración durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Algunos animales también son tatuados en ocasiones, normalmente por razones identificativas.

Perdurabilidad

Actualmente, hay tatuajes que desaparecen al poco tiempo de dibujarse; no obstante, otros permanecen durante toda la vida salvo en el caso de que se eliminen con láser. La razón de que estos últimos permanezcan inmutables es que la tinta se asienta en la capa de la dermis más profunda, por debajo de la epidermis. La epidermis es la capa externa de la piel que renueva constantemente sus células. Sin embargo, el metabolismo de la dermis (capa de la piel situada bajo la epidermis) no implica este tipo de recambio y, por lo tanto, la tinta no se elimina.

Piercing

2006-09-02T09:19:00.000-07:00

Piercing

De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

Saltar a navegación, búsqueda

Anillo para piercing

Piercing (voz inglesa que significa perforación, o perforar) en castellano se emplea generalmente el anglicismo pirsin aunque también se utiliza la de perforación (corporal).

Técnica

El piercing consiste en la implantación, generalmente decorativa o ritual, de un pendiente o piercing en diferentes partes del cuerpo. Para su realización se lleva a cabo una pequeña perforación con una aguja especial en la zona deseada de la anatomía, acto seguido se procede a la introducción del piercing en la cavidad efectuada con dicha aguja.

Los elementos de piercing suelen estar hechos de acero quirúrgico, titanio, platino, niobio, oro o PTFE. De todos, últimamente se está recomendando mucho el titanio.

En el labio inferior

En resumidas cuentas, hay 4 reglas básicas a la hora de colocarse un piercing:

Material: Siempre esterilizado. Siempre será mejor que te hagan el piercing con una aguja que con una pistola (la pistola es usada únicamente para los piercings en el lóbulo de la oreja), ya que así se asegura la esterilización y uso exclusivo en cada persona.
Joyas: Deben ser de titanio, acero inoxidable de uso quirúrgico, oro de 14-18 quilates, y han de estar esterilizados y guardados en bolsas o recipientes estériles hasta su uso. De igual manera, deben estar esterilizados con autoclave. Nunca debe usarse plata, cobre o bronce en una perforación nueva.
Profesionales: Quien hace el piercing lo debe hacer con guantes de tipo quirúrgico, nuevos y no debe tocar nada que no sea material esterilizado previamente, de igual forma, no debe fumar dentro del estudio de perforación.
Preparación previa: La piel debe estar limpia y desinfectada antes de perforar.

También hay que tener en cuenta las siguientes particularidades, a la hora de hacerse un piercing:

Si se ha tenido infecciones producto de la colocación de piercing anteriormente, es probable que vuelvan a ocurrir la próxima vez. Algunas personas son más proclives a sufrir infecciones tras la colocación de un piercing.
No se puede donar sangre durante un año.

El acero quirúrgico y el oro son materiales aceptados, pero no los más recomendados. Titanio tiene las siguientes ventajas:

Tiene una curación más rápida y limpia.
Un menor peso. (Obviamente, menor posibilidad de desgarre en caso de algún accidente)
Variedad en colores.
No contiene elementos tóxicos.
Es el material más biocompatible con el ser humano.

Mucha gente piensa que si se hace el piercing con una pistola le va a doler menos que con una aguja, esto no es así. Con la pistola el piercing se realiza forzando el pendiente a través del tejido o peor aun el cartílago, un método considerablemente más "tosco" que el de un piercing realizado profesionalmente. Existen importantes razones de peso para desechar la idea de perforarse con pistola, las cuales las enumeramos a continuación:

Aunque los fabricantes dicen lo contrario, no es un aparato limpio ni seguro para lograr una buena perforación, ya que no puede ser adecuadamente esterilizada entre intervención e intervención y no tiene un medio para alcanzar la esterilidad total. Debido a esto es un artefacto que fácilmente puede contagiar a los clientes con el virus de la hepatitis B y C, o del sida. Como un ejemplo: el virus de la hepatitis puede sobrevivir por siete días a la intemperie, imagínate la cantidad de personas que se pueden contagiar al perforarse cualquier parte de su cuerpo en una tienda donde utilicen pistola.
No es recomendable usar pistola para perforar la piel, es mejor hacerlo con una aguja estéril. Las agujas se emplean nada más con una persona. En un estudio profesional nunca se usará una pistola para perforar.
Las pistolas para perforar que "disparan" broqueles, que en su origen se utilizaron para marcar al ganado, fueron diseñadas únicamente para perforar lóbulos de la oreja.
El diseño del pendiente es inapropiado, incluso para los lóbulos, ya que es demasiado corto para permitir la inflamación y hace muy difícil su limpieza por lo que la suciedad se acumula dentro y en el cierre de la perforación.
Por ningún motivo debe perforarse la lengua, cejas ni cualquier otra región del cuerpo utilizando la tradicional pistola para poner aretes en el lóbulo de la oreja porque ocasiona problemas de cicatrización. No permitas que nadie te perfore en ningún otro lado del cuerpo con una pistola. La joyería que se pone con la técnica de la pistola, no es adecuada para ningún otro lado.
Además de ser sumamente antihigiénica, el usar la pistola y su joyería puede causar serios problemas de infección, de cicatrización, se puede llegar a encarnar o simplemente el cuerpo la puede rechazar.
Cualquier joyería NO es adecuada. Los adornos que se colocan en las perforaciones son acero quirúrgico, titanio u oro, materiales que evitan las alergias e infecciones.

Cuidados del piercing

Uno de ellos es que debes evitar la exposición al sol en esa zona (por eso no recomiendan hacerse los piercings en verano), evitar movimientos bruscos que puedan provocar malas cicatrizaciones y uno muy importante es que no te cambies antes de tiempo el pendiente que te ponen en el centro donde te hagas el piercing.

Ahora repasaremos los cuidados específicos de cada parte del cuerpo (de las habitualmente perforadas):

General: Los piercings deben limpiarse bien durante el periodo de curación y con las manos lavadas con jabón neutro antes de tocarlo.

Estos son los cuidados dependiendo del tipo de piercing:

Faciales (oreja, nariz, ceja, etc): Tienes que lavarlos perfectamente unas 2 ó 3 veces al día y si te aparece costra en la perforación, debes mantenerla húmeda y tratarla con un limpiador que te recomendará un buen profesional. Sobre todo no utilices otras cremas o tratamientos mientras se desifecta y cicatriza.
Body piercings (Pezón, ombligo, etc): Los piercings que te realices en el cuerpo deberás limpiarlos entre 6 y 8 semanas al menos 2 o 3 veces diarias. Como en los faciales, si te sale costra, debes humedecerla. Además debes mover un poco el aro que lleves para que puedas limpiar toda la zona y enjuagarla bien con agua. Si el perforador te ha mandado un líquido, aplícalo escrupulosamente durante no más de 2 semanas. Si el proceso de curación y cicatrización te causa molestias, lo mejor es que enjuagues la zona con agua salina (La sal de cocina común no funciona, utiliza Sal Marina).
Orales (Lengua, labios): Dependiendo del tipo de piercing oral que lleves el tratamiento será diferente, los hay internos (lengua) y externos (labios). Lo que debes tener muy muy en cuenta en los internos es que no debes ingerir bebidas alcohólicas, ni comer platos fuertes y/o picantes así como también, debes evitar los besos prolongados. La limpieza es vital, y durante al menos 6 semanas debes limpiar los piercings cada vez que comas, fumes o bebas, para ello puedes usar algún enjuage bucal sin alcohol que elimine bacterias. Es posible que te salga alguna herida interna en la boca por efecto de la joya que lleves puesta. Los externos se deben limpiar 2 y 3 veces al día a lo largo de al menos 8 semanas. Debes evitar hablar rápidamente, el sexo oral, y malos hábitos como jugar con la joya sobre tus dientes.
Piercings genitales: Estos son muy delicados por lo que aqui si debes extremar la higiene y limpiar del orden de 2 a 3 veces al día durante 4 o 6 semanas. El enjuague es vital para evitar problemas posteriores. Los profesionales recomiendan no mantener relaciones sexuales hasta que termine la curación, y en caso de tenerlas, hay que utilizar preservativos. Recuerda también que algunos lubricantes, espermaticidas, e incluso, el látex de algunos preservativos pueden causar alergias o molestias no deseadas.

Tiempo de curación de cada zona facial:

Cartílago de la oreja (8-12 semanas)
Lóbulo (4 a 6 semanas)
Ceja (6 a 8 semanas)
Fosas nasales (6 a 8 semanas)

Tiempo de cicatrización

Aproximado, puede variar de un cuerpo a otro:

Cartílago de la oreja: 2 meses - 1 año
Ceja: 6 - 8 semanas
Genitales: 9 meses - 1 año
Labio: 6 - 8 semanas
Lengua: 2-3 semanas
Lóbulo de la oreja: 6 - 8 semanas
Nariz: 2 meses - 4 meses
Ombligo: 6 meses - 2 años

Body piercing

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Body piercing usually refers to the piercing of a part of the human body for the purpose of wearing jewelry in the opening created. Body piercing is a form of body modification. The word "piercing" can refer to the act or practice of body piercing, or to a specific pierced opening in the body.

Some people practice piercing for religious or other cultural reasons, while many individuals, particularly in the modern West, choose to be pierced for spiritual, ornamental, or sexual reasons.

In ancient times

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Evidence suggests that body piercing (including ear piercing) has been practiced by peoples all over the world from ancient times. Mummifie bodies with piercings have been discovered, including the oldest mummified body discovered to date, that of Ötzi the Iceman, which was found in an Italian glacier. This mummy had an ear piercing 7–11 mm in diameter.

Nose piercing and ear piercing are mentioned in the Bible. In Genesis 24:22, Abraham's servant gave a nose ring and bracelets to Rebekah, wife of his son Isaac. In Exodus 32, Aaron makes the golden calf from melted earrings. Deuteronomy 15:12-17 dictates ear piercing as a mark of slavery. Nose piercing has been common in India since the 16th century. Tongue piercing was popular with the elite of Aztec and Maya civilization, though it was carried out as part of a blood ritual and such piercings were not intended to be permanent. Ancient Mesoamericans wore jewelry in their ears, noses, and lower lips, and such decorations continue to be popular amongst indigenous peoples in these regions.

Body piercing folklore

Many contemporary authors and body piercing enthusiasts have made attempts to explain the history or development of body piercing in Western Culture, prior to its contemporary practice. In Dreamtime by Hans Peter Duerr, he claims that nipple piercing became popular in 14th century Europe. There is evidence, both anecdotal and photographic, that nipple piercing was practiced in Europe during the late 19th century and in the early 20th century, but it was not considered to be a common practice. It is sometimes claimed that Roman centurions practiced nipple piercing and that soldiers attached their capes to the piercings. This is not true. Their capes were attached to the breastplate of their armor. This particular myth owes its popularity to Doug Malloy, an American piercing pioneer who published pamphlets in the late 1970's promoting his highly fanciful histories of body piercing.

Body piercing today

Modern history and societal attitudes

Ear piercing has existed continuously since ancient times, including throughout the 20th century in the Western world. However, in many cultures within the United States, it became a relative rarity from the 1920s until the 1960s. At that time, it regained popularity among American women, and was eventually adopted by men in the hippie and gay communities, and later the punk subculture. Ear piercing, of either or both ears, has always been practiced by men in many non-Western cultures. By the 1980s, male ear piercing had become somewhat common in the United States, although men usually only pierced one of their ears. Today, single and multiple piercing of either or both ears is extremely common among Western women, and fairly common among men.

Less conventional forms of body piercing have also existed continuously for as long as ear piercing, but generally not in Western cultures. For example, women in India routinely practice nostril piercing, and have done so for centuries.

In the 1970s, body piercing gained popularity in the gay BDSM subculture. In 1975, Jim Ward opened The Gauntlet, America's first storefront body piercing operation, in Los Angeles.

Body piercing is returning to the mainstream of modern Western cultures as attitudes and values change. Piercings that don't conform to cultural norms -- for example, facial piercings or ear piercings for men -- can still be considered inappropriate.

Female pierced through the following: Lobe (Ear), Septum (Nose), Labret (Lips)

Personal attitudes

Attitudes towards piercing vary. Some regard the practice of piercing or of being pierced as spiritual, sometimes embracing the term "modern primitive", while others deride this view as insulting, as cultural appropriation, or as trendy. Some see the practice as a form of artistic or self-expression. Others choose to be pierced as a form of sexual expression, or to increase sexual sensitivity. For some people, piercing is part of an S-M lifestyle or relationship, or is incorporated into S-M play.

Some people choose to be pierced for symbolic reasons. For example, some survivors of sexual abuse have said that they experience piercing as allowing them to retake control over their own bodies. Some people choose to be pierced to symbolize certain relationships. For gay men, piercing has historically been viewed as a form of public self-identification or "coming out". However, the current popularity of piercing among many different groups has diluted much of its specific cultural identification and symbolism.

While some people consider body modification to be a sign of non-conformity, others deride body piercing as trendy. This can at times lead to prejudice or cognitive bias against those with piercings or visible signs of past piercings.

Contemporary piercing procedure

Immediate disposal of used needles into a sharps container is standard practice.

Permanent body piercings (as opposed to play piercings) are performed by creating an opening in the body using a sharp object through the area to be pierced. This can either be done by cutting an opening using a needle (usually a hollow medical needle) or scalpel or by removing tissue, either with a scalpel or a dermal punch.

Contemporary body piercing studios generally take numerous precautions to protect the health of the person being pierced and the piercer. Tools and jewelry are sterilised in autoclaves and non-autoclavable surfaces are cleaned with sterilising agents on a regular basis and between clients. Sterile, single use gloves are worn by the piercer to protect both the piercer and the client.

Most professional studios will only pierce with stainless steel or titanium jewelry. Some use one or the other exclusively. Piercers who use titanium exclusively will note that even stainless steel can sometimes contain too much nickel to be safe for a piercing. Jewelry made of pure platinum as well as 14k and 18k gold is not considered safe for piercing, but is often used for decorative jewelry when the piercing has healed. However, many piercers also claim that 14k gold contains too much copper, opting for at least 18k for any jewelry piece.

Decorative jewelry bought at retail stores is often highly discouraged by piercers, as much of it contains components that can be irritating or even toxic. Even some jewelry that is claimed to be titanium is often composed of cheaper metals such as nickel and iron. Silver in any use or form is also highly discouraged due to the threat of argyria and possible carcinogenic effects of various silver compounds.

Much like tattoos, it is often much better to avoid bargains and low prices, and instead opt for reasonably expensive jewelry and procedures.

Standard Needle Method

The standard method in the United States involves making an opening using a hollow medical needle. The needle is inserted into the body part being pierced, but not all the way through. While still in the body, the initial jewelry to be worn in the piercing is pushed through the opening, following the back of the needle. Piercing using hollow medical needles does not actually remove any flesh, the method cuts a slit and holds it open in the shape of the cross section of the needle, in this case, a circle. In this method, the needle is the same gauge or larger than the initial jewelry to be worn. Piercings that penetrate cartilage are often pierced one or two gauges larger than the jewelry, to reduce pressure on the healing piercing, allowing for a fistula to properly form.

Indwelling Cannula Method

Many European (and other) piercers use a needle containing a cannula (hollow plastic tube placed at the end of the needle, also see catheter). Procedure is identical to the standard method, only that the initial jewelry is inserted into the back of the cannula and the cannula and the jewelry are then pulled through the piercing. This method reduces the chance of the jewelry slipping during the insertion procedure, and also protects the fresh piercing from possible irritation from external threading (if used) during initial insertion.

Pierce and Taper

Similar to the standard method, this is a more advanced technique, sometimes used to pierce where large gauge initial jewelry is desired. In this method, after the needle is inserted and the opening is created, a tapered steel bar (usually one gauge larger than that of the needle at the large end) is inserted instead of initial jewelry. Then the jewelry is pushed through the opening, following the tapered bar. The success of this method is dependent on the elasticity of the skin in the area being pierced, the skill of the piercer and the type of piercing being done.

Scalpelling

Main article: Scalpelling

In this method, a medical scalpel is used to cut a slit, allowing for the insertion of large gauge jewelry. This method is often used in the creation of large gauge ear piercings. Scalpelling can also be used to correct an improper placement on piercings, an example of this would be cutting existing large gauge ear piercings to match symmetrically. If the jewelry is removed from a scalpelled piercing the fistula may not shrink or close over time and unwanted piercings may have to be surgically repaired. Scalpelling is most commonly used on earlobes, but can be used anywhere where large gauge piercings are desired.

Dermal Punching

In this method, a dermal punch is used to remove a circular area of tissue, into which jewelry is placed. This method is usually used to remove both skin and cartilage in upper ear piercings, where cartilage must be removed to relieve pressure on the piercing to ensure proper healing and long term viability of the piercing. Like scalpelled piercings, the healed fistulas created or enlarged using a dermal punch will usually not shrink over time.

Piercing guns

Main article: Ear piercing instrument

Piercing guns are commonly used in retail settings to perform ear piercings. These gun-shaped devices are designed for piercing the earlobe only; they are not marketed or designed for use on any part of the body other than the earlobe. Piercing the upper ear (through cartilage) with piercing gun often results in longer healing times, and possible increased discomfort.

Many professional body piercers discourage the use of these instruments. A major complaint is that ear piercing instruments perform the piercing using a great deal of force with a relatively blunt (and relatively bad-quality) stud earring. Because of this, it is more difficult to direct the piercing than with a body piercing needle, and healing is prolonged due to the additional trauma involved. The autoclaving of piercing guns is usually impossible, because certain materials used in their construction would be destroyed if autoclaved. Even though they are occasionally used for other purposes, ear piercing instruments are designed for ear piercing only.

Internally threaded jewelry

Internal and external threads illustrated using a common nut and bolt.

A number of piercing shops exclusively use jewelry that is internally threaded. That is, the ball-ends of the jewelry screw into the bar, rather than the bar screwing into the ball. Though more expensive to produce than externally threaded jewelry, piercers who use internally threaded jewelry advise that since the bar that is being inserted into the skin has no sharp threads on the end, it will not cut or irritate skin, and allows for safer healing.

However, in today's world of body piercing, most manufacturers of quality body jewelry agree that if externally threaded jewelry is going to be used, it must have a tapered end on it so that at the very least, the threads can slip into the back end of the needle, thus protecting the piercees tissue from threading during the initial piercing.

Arguments have arisen that using internally threaded jewelry can be just as, if not more, dangerous for the body as occasionally. For example, if a person gets their tongue pierced with an internally threaded barbell and the threading isn't properly screwed down by the piercer or because the piercee continuously plays with the jewelry, they run the risk of swallowing a ball and instead of it passing smoothly through the system as an externally threaded ball would, instead you have a ball with 6 to 8 threads protruding out of it and scraping through your system.

The healing process and body piercing aftercare

A new piercing will be sore, tender or red for several days up to three weeks. Complete healing normally takes several weeks or more. Below are more specific healing time estimates. During this period, care must be taken to avoid infection. Touching--or, for genital and oral piercings, sexual activity--is usually discouraged.

Primary healing usually takes about as long as is listed below; the jewelry should not be removed during this period. The healing time should not be rushed. Very often a piercing that seemed to be healed will start to have problems when it is handled roughly, or exposed to mouth contact or unwashed hands before fully healed.

Full healing starts after primary healing is complete and usually takes about as long as primary healing, during this period the skin thickens and starts to gain elasticity. An additional "toughening up" period takes place after full healing is complete, this "toughening up" period also takes about as long as the primary healing time. During "toughening up" the skin remodels itself developing an internal texture in the fistula tube that replaces the shiny scar like internal surface.

Tatuajes

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Tatuaje

Un tatuaje es una modificación del color de la piel, creando un dibujo, figura o texto realizados con tinta o algún otro pigmento bajo la epidermis de un humano o animal.
Historia

Los tatuajes fueron una práctica eurasiática en tiempos neolíticos, encontrándose incluso en algunas momias con una antigüedad de hasta 7000 años.

Algunas culturas tribales crean los tatuajes cortando la piel y untando la herida con tinta, ceniza u otro material o punzando la piel con huesos de animales.

Utilidad

Algunos animales también son tatuados en ocasiones, normalmente por razones identificativas.

Perdurabilidad

Tattoo

2006-08-30T11:09:00.000-07:00

Tattoo

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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For other uses, see Tattoo (disambiguation).

Leopard on shoulder

A tattoo is a mark made by inserting pigment into the skin: in technical terms, tattooing is micro-pigment implantation. Tattoos may be made on human or animal skin. Tattoos on humans are a type of body modification, while tattoos on animals are most often used for identification.

Tattooing has been a nearly ubiquitous human practice. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore facial tattoos. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and in the Philippines, Borneo, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan, Cambodia and China. Despite some taboos surrounding tattooing, the art continues to be popular all over the world.

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Terms

Two abstract designs

The word "tattoo" is traced to the Tahitian tatu or tatau, meaning to mark or strike (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi ("insertion of ink"), while "tattoo" is used for non-Japanese designs.

Tattoo enthusiasts may refer to tattoos as tats, ink, art or work, and to tattooists as artists. The latter usage is gaining support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo designs and photographs of tattoos.

Tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sold to tattoo artists and studios and displayed in shop are known as flash.

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History

Main article: History of tattooing

Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice at least since Neolithic times. Mummies bearing tattoos and dating from the end of the second millennium BCE have been discovered in Xinjiang, West China. Tattooing in Japan is thought to go back to the Paleolithic era, some ten thousand years ago. Various other cultures have had their own tattoo traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes.

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Purpose

Religious theme

Tattoos have served as rites of passage, marks of status and rank, symbols of religious and spiritual devotion, decorations for bravery, sexual lures and marks of fertility, pledges of love, punishment, amulets and talismans, protection, and as the marks of outcasts, slaves and convicts.

Today, people choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, and as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoos). Some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Cambodia and Thailand, the yantra tattoo is used for protection.

People have also been forcibly tattooed for a various reasons. The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in part of the concentration camps during the Holocaust. European sailors were known to tattoo the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging (since it was a crime to deface an image of Christ).

Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification and other marks. Pet dogs and cats are often tattooed with a serial number (usually in the ear, or on the inner thigh) via which their owners can be identified. In Australia, the symbol Φ is tattooed in the ears of cats and dogs to indicate that they have been neutered. Also, animals are occasionally tattooed to prevent sunburn (on the nose, for example). Such tattoos are often performed by the veterinarian him or herself and in most cases, the animals are anaesthetized during the process. Branding is used for similar reasons and is often performed without anaesthesia, but is different from tattooing as no ink or dye is inserted during the process.

When used as a form of cosmetic surgery, tattooing includes permanent makeup, and hiding or neutralize skin discolorations. Permanent cosmetics are tattoos that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (shadow, mascara, liner), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup.

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Prevalence

Tattoos have experienced a resurgence in popularity in recent decades in many parts of the world, particularly in North America, Japan, and Europe. The growth in tattoo culture has seen an influx of new artists into the industry, many of whom have technical and fine art training. Coupled with advancements in tattoo pigments and the ongoing refinement of the equipment used for tattooing, this has led to an improvement in the quality of tattoos being produced. Movie stars, models, popular musicians and sports figures are just some of the people in the public eye who are tattooed, which in turn has fueled the acceptance of tattoos. During the 2000s, the presence of tattoos became evident within pop culture, inspiring television shows such as A&E's Inked and TLC's Miami Ink.

Lower back tattoos are common among young women

In many traditional cultures tattooing has also enjoyed a resurgence, partially in deference to cultural heritage. Historically, a decline in traditional tribal tattooing in Europe occurred with the spread of Christianity. A decline often occurred in other cultures following European efforts to convert aboriginal and indigenous people to Western religious and cultural practices that held tattooing to be a "pagan" or "heathen" activity. Within some traditional indigenous cultures, tattooing takes place within the context of a rite of passage between adolescence and adulthood.

A poll conducted online between July 14 and 20, 2003 (Harris 2003), found that 16% of all adults in the United States have at least one tattoo. The highest incidence of tattoos was found among the gay, lesbian and bisexual population (31%) and among Americans ages 25 to 29 years (36%) and 30 to 39 years (28%). Regionally, people living in the West (20%) were more likely to have tattoos. Democrats were more likely to have tattoos (18%) than Republicans (14%) and Independents (12%); approximately equal percentages of males (16%) and females (15%) have tattoos.

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Negative associations

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Secular attitudes

Some employers, especially in professional fields, still look down on tattoos or regard them as contributing to an unprofessional appearance. Tattoos can therefore impair a wearer's career prospects, particularly when inked on places not typically covered by clothing, such as the hands, neck or face. It is not unusual for tattoo artists to refuse to tattoo these very conspicuous areas.

In some cultures, tattoos still have negative associations despite their increasing popularity, and are generally associated with criminality in the public's mind; therefore those who choose to be tattooed in such countries usually keep their tattoos covered for fear of reprisal. For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoos, in part because of their association in the popular imagination with the yakuza, or Japanese mafia. In Western cultures as well, some dress codes specify that tattoos must be covered.

According to popular belief, most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo of a black dragon on the left biceps and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use "left a black dragon, right a white tiger" as a euphemism for a triad member. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a large tattoo in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional "hand-poked" style.

In the United States many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal behavior, prison sentences, and organizational affiliation. This cultural use of tattoos predates the widespread popularity of tattoos in the general population, so older people may still associate tattoos with criminality. At the same time, members of the U.S. military have an equally established and longstanding history of tattooing to indicate military units, battles, etc., and this association is also widespread among older Americans. Tattooing is also widespread in the British Armed Forces.

Tattoos can have additional negative associations for women; "tramp stamp" and other similarly derogatory slang phrases are sometimes used to describe a tattoo on a woman's lower back.

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Abrahamic religious prohibitions

Main article: History of tattooing

Some followers of Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—feel that their religious doctrine proscribes or constrains tattoos among followers, or has other religious significances.

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Procedure

Modern tattoo machine in use: here outfitted with a 5-needle setup, but number of needles depends on size and shading desired

Some tribal cultures traditionally created tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents; some cultures continue this practice, which may be an adjunct to scarification. Some cultures create tattooed marks by hand-tapping the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones or, in modern times, needles. Traditional Japanese tattoos (irezumi) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel.

The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine, which inserts ink into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 80 to 150 times a second.

The modern electric tattoo machine is far removed from the machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891. O'Reilly's machine was based on the rotary technology of the electric engraving device invented by Thomas Edison. Modern tattoo machines use electromagnetic coils. The first coil machine was patented by Thomas Riley in London, 1891 using a single coil. The first twin coil machine, the predecessor of the modern configuration, was invented by another Englishman, Alfred Charles South of London, in 1899.

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"Natural" tattoos

According to George Orwell, workers in coal mines would develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds. This can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several different layers of skin, and scarring or permanent discoloration is almost unavoidable depending on the location. In addition, tattooing of the gingiva from implantation of amalgam particles during dental filling placement and removal is possible and not uncommon.

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Dyes and pigments

A wide range of dyes and pigments can be used in tattoos, from inorganic materials like titanium dioxide and iron oxides to carbon black, azo dyes, and acridine, quinoline, phthalocyanine and naphthol derivates, dyes made from ash, and other mixtures.

Iron oxide pigments are used in greater extent in cosmetic tattooing. Many pigments were found to be used in a survey of professional tattooists. Recently, a blacklight-reactive tattoo ink using PMMA microcapsules has surfaced. The technical name is BIOMETRIX System-1000, and is marketed under the name "Chameleon Tattoo Ink".

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Studio hygiene

The properly equipped tattoo studio will use biohazard containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids, sharps containers for old needles, and an autoclave for sterilizing tools. Studios are also required by law to have hot water.

A reputable tattooist will wash his or her hands before starting to tattoo a client, and between clients, as well as wear disposable latex gloves (a new pair for each client). He or she will refuse to tattoo minors without parental consent, as well as intoxicated people, people with contraindicated skin conditions, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity, and attempt to ensure that the customer is satisfied with and sure about the design before applying it. Moreover, she or he will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable containers which are discarded after each client).

Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, generally require that an artist is aware of the latest trends in equipment and sterilization. However, many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. While specific requirements vary between jurisdictions, many mandate formal training in bloodborne pathogens, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and cross contamination. A local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions.

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Aftercare

Tattoo artists, and people with tattoos, vary widely in preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first twenty-four hours, others suggest removing temporary bandaging after a few hours. Many western tattooists advise against allowing too much contact with water for the first few days or weeks; in Japan, in contrast, a new tattoo is often bathed in very hot water early and often.

General consensus for care advises against removing the scab that forms on a new tattoo and avoiding exposing tattoos to the sun for extended periods, which can contribute to fading. Various products may be recommended for application to the skin, ranging from those intended for the treatment of cuts, burns and scrapes, to petroleum jelly or lanolin. In recent years, specific commercial products have been developed for tattoo aftercare. In other cases, the client will be advised to use no products on a new tattoo.

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Tattoo removal

While tattoos are considered permanent, it is possible, to varying degrees, to remove them. Complete removal, however, is often not possible, and the expense and pain of removing them typically will be greater than the expense and pain of applying them. Some jurisdictions will pay for the voluntary removal of gang tattoos.

Tattoo removal is most commonly performed using lasers that react with the ink in the tattoo, and break it down. The broken-down ink is then absorbed by the body. This technique often requires many repeated visits to remove even a small tattoo, and may result in permanent scarring.

A newer method of removal is by tattooing glycolic acid into the skin with a tattoo machine: the acid pushes the ink to the surface of the skin in the scab, which is later removed. This method purportedly scars less than laser techniques. Glycolic acid is also used for facial peels; when used for tattoo removal, a lower percentage mix is used.

Some wearers opt to cover an unwanted tattoo with a new tattoo. This is commonly known as a coverup or cover-up. An artfully done cover-up may render the old tattoo completely invisible, though this will depend largely on the size, style, colours and techniques used on the old tattoo. Some shops and artists use laser removal machines to break down and lighten undesired tattoos to make coverage with a new tattoo easier.

Overall, green-based ink is the most difficult to remove. Black ink is most readily broken down by the laser, and unprofessional tattoos done at home are the easiest ones to remove, due to the low quality of ink used, as well as the ineffective manner in which they were applied.

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Health risks

Because it requires breaking the skin barrier, tattooing may carry health risks, including infection and allergic reactions. In the United States, for example, a person who receives a tattoo will generally be prohibited from donating blood for 12 months (FDA 2000).

Modern western tattooers reduce such risks by following universal precautions, working with single-use items, and sterilizing their equipment after each use. Many jurisdictions require that tattooists have bloodborne pathogen training, such as is provided through the Red Cross.

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Infection

Since tattoo instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. However, infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studios employing single-use needles is rare. In amateur tattoos, such as those applied in prisons, however, there is an elevated risk of infection. To address this problem, a program was introduced in Canada as of the summer of 2005 that provides legal tattooing in prisons, both to reduce health risks and to provide inmates with a marketable skill. Inmates will be trained to staff and operate the tattoo parlors once six of them open successfully;[1] the program, however, was discontinued by the new Canadian government in 2006.^{[citation needed]}

Infections that could be transmitted via the use of unsterilized tattoo equipment include surface infections of the skin, tetanus, staph, some forms of hepatitis, and HIV. No person in the United States is known to have contracted HIV via a commercially-applied tattooing process. Tetanus risk is prevented by having an up-to-date tetanus booster prior to being tattooed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that: no data exist in the United States indicating that persons with exposures to tattooing alone are at increased risk for HCV infection. In 2006, the CDC reported 3 clusters with 44 cases of methicillin-resistant staph infection traced to unlicensed tattooists (MMWR 55(24)).

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Allergic reactions

Allergic reactions to tattoo pigments are uncommon except for certain brands of red and green. People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin with swelling and/or itching, and/or oozing of clear fluid called sebum. Such reactions are quite rare, however, and most artists do not recommend a patch test prior to tattooing.

There is also a small risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction) in those who are susceptible.

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Tattoo Inks

Although the FDA technically requires premarket approval of inks; because of limited resources, it has not actually approved the use of any ink for tattoos.^{[citation needed]} The first known study to characterize the composition of these inks was started in 2005 at Northern Arizona University (Finley-Jones and Wagner).

There has been concern expressed about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo inks, some of which contain trace metals. Allegedly, the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. The television show MythBusters tested the theory, and concluded that there is no risk of interaction between tattoo inks and MRI.

However, research by Shellock and Crues reports adverse reactions to MRI and tattoos in a very small number of cases. Wagle and Smith also documented an isolated case of Tattoo-Induced Skin Burn During MR Imaging.

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Temporary tattoos

Temporary tattoos are not really tattoos. Rather, they are a type of body sticker, like a decal. They are generally applied to the skin using water to temporarily transfer the design to the surface of the skin. Temporary tattoos are easily removed with soap and water or oil-based creams, and are intended to last only a few days.

Other forms of temporary "tattoos" are henna tattoos, also known as Mehndi, and the marks made by the stains of silver nitrate on the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light. Both methods, silver nitrate and henna, can take up to two weeks to fade from the skin.

Airbrush tattoos is another popular form of temporary tattoos. This process involves using a stencil design and blowing paint through the stencil onto the skin. This form of tattoo lasts approximately a week.

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References

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Anthropological

Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract)
PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract)
Customizing the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing (C.R.Sanders, 1989, Temple University Press).
Marked for Life: Jews and Tattoos (Shaun Raviv, June 2006, Moment Magazine).

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Popular and artistic

Harris Interactive. A Third of Americans With Tattoos Say They Make Them Feel More Sexy. The Harris Poll #58, October 8, 2003. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
Ink: The Not-Just-Skin-Deep Guide to Getting a Tattoo Terisa Green, ISBN 0-451-21514-1
The Tattoo Encyclopedia: A Guide to Choosing Your Tattoo Terisa Green, ISBN 0-7432-2329-2
Total Tattoo Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0-446-67001-4

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Medical

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC's Position on Tattooing and HCV Infection. Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
United States Food and Drug Administration. Tattoos and Permanent Makeup. CFSAN/Office of Cosmetics and Colors (2000; updated [2004, 2006]). Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
Haley Finley-Jones, Leslie D. Wagner, and Jani C. Ingram. In the flesh: Chemical characterization of tattoo inks. Northern Arizona University. Retrieved on June 13, 2006 ].
Haley R.W. and Fischer R.P., Commercial tattooing as a potential source of hepatitis C infection, Medicine, March 2000;80:134-151
Mayo Clinic. Tattoos and piercings: What to know beforehand. Mayo Clinc.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections Among Tattoo Recipients --- Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004--2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55(24);677-679. Retrieved on June 23, 2006.
MR Safety and the American College of Radiology Shellock, F.G. and Crues, J.V. American Journal of Roentgenology White Paper
Tattoo-Induced Skin Burn During MR Imaging Wagle, W.A. and Smith, M. American Journal of Roentgenology: Article

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2005-10-16T23:29:00.000-07:00